re3a7532
Acute calculous cholecystitis
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical signs and symptoms
Abdominal pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
Elevated temperature
Absence of vomiting
Abdominal tenderness (sign of complicated...
Acute cholangitis
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical signs and symptoms
Fever
Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Laboratory markers
White blood cell
C-reactive protein
Total bilirubin
Direct bilirubin
Alkaline phosphatase
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
Aspartate aminotransferase
...
Gastroduodenal ulcer perforation
Gastroduodenal ulcer perforations have decreased in the last few years, largely due to the widespread adoption of medical therapies for peptic ulcer disease and...
Small bowel perforation
Non-traumatic small bowel perforation is uncommon but can be fatal. Typhoid fever and tuberculosis are the common causes of such perforation in the developing...
Post-operative peritonitis
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical signs and symptoms
• Fever
• Abdominal pain
• Abdominal tenderness
The atypical clinical presentation may be responsible for a delay in diagnosis and reintervention or reoperation.
Laboratory...
Principles of antibiotic therapy in surgery
Principles of antibiotic therapy in surgery
1. The source of infection should always be identified and controlled as soon as possible.
2. Antibiotic empiric therapy should...
Principles of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery
Principles of appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery
1. Antibiotics alone are unable to prevent surgical site infections. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections should always...
WSES sepsis severity score for patients with cIAIs
Criteria
Point Value
Clinical condition at the admission
Severe sepsis (acute organ dysfunction) at the admission
3
Septic shock (acute circulatory failure characterized by persistent arterial hypotension. It always...
Mannheim peritonitis index
Criteria
Point Value
Age >50 years
5
Female sex
5
Organ failure
7
Malignancy
4
Origin of sepsis not colonic
4
Diffuse generalized peritonitis
6
Preoperative duration of peritonitis >24 h
4
Intraperitoneal exudates
Clear
0
Cloudy, purulent
6
Fecal
12
Organ failure: Kidney failure: Cratinine level...
POSSUM score
Criteria
Point Value
Age (Years)
<60
1
61-70
2
>71
4
Cardiac Signs
No Failure
1
Diuretic, Digoxin, antianginal or antihypertensive therapy
2
Peripheral edema, anticoagulant therapy
4
Raised JVP
8
Chest X-Ray
Normal
1
Borderline cardiomegaly
4
Cardiomegaly
8
Respiratory History
No Dyspnoea
1
Dyspnoea on exertion
2
Limiting dyspnea (one flight of...